the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is that the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi may be a member of the
Bharatiya Janata Party and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation. he's the primary
prime minister outside of the Indian National Congress to win two consecutive terms with a full majority and therefore the second to
complete five years in office after Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning an extended association with the organisation. Modi left home after finishing
high-school partially thanks to an arranged marriage to Jashodaben Chimanlal, which he abandoned and publicly acknowledged only
many decades later. Modi travelled around India for 2 years and visited variety of spiritual centres before returning to
Gujarat. In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975,
Modi was forced to travel into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he held several positions within the party
hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.
Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 thanks to Keshubhai Patel's failing health and poor public image following
the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the legislature soon after. His administration has been considered
complicit within the 2002 Gujarat riots or otherwise criticised for its handling of it. A Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation
Team found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against Modi personally. His policies as chief minister, credited with
encouraging economic process , have received praise. His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve
health, poverty and education indices within the state.
Modi led the BJP within the 2014 election which gave the party a majority within the Indian lower house of parliament, the Lok
Sabha, the primary time for any single party since 1984. Modi's administration has tried to boost foreign direct investment within the
Indian economy and reduced spending on healthcare and welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to enhance efficiency
in the bureaucracy; he has centralised power by abolishing the design Commission. He began a high-profile sanitation
campaign and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. He initiated a controversial demonetisation of highdenomination banknotes.
Following his party's victory within the 2019 election , his administration revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.
His administration also introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, which resulted in widespread protests across the country.
Described as engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics, Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically
and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an
exclusionary social agenda.
Early life and education
Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State . He was the
third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Hiraben Modi . Modi's family belonged to the Modh-GhanchiTeli community, which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government.
As a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railroad station , and said that he later ran a tea stall together with his brother
near a bus terminus. Modi completed his higher education in Vadnagar in 1967, where an educator described him as an
average student and a keen debater, with interest in theatre. Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates, and his teachers and
students noted this. Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his
political image.
When eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and commenced attending its local shakhas . There, Modi
met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly referred to as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak within the RSS and have become
his political mentor. While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya
Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980. Sometime thereafter, he abandoned the
further marital obligations inherent the custom, and left home, the couple happening to steer separate lives, neither marrying
again, and therefore the marriage itself remaining unmentioned in Modi's public pronouncements for several decades. In April 2014, shortly
before the national elections that swept him to power, Modi publicly affirmed that he was married and his spouse was
Jashodaben; the couple has remained married, but estranged.
Modi spent the following two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few details of where he went have
emerged. In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near
Kolkata, followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and therefore the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a brief time
at each, since he lacked the specified college education. Vivekananda has been described as an outsized influence in Modi's life.
In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after which Modi wandered through Calcutta,
West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. Modi then visited the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he
was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968–69. Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970,
Modi returned to Vadnagar for a quick visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad. There, Modi lived together with his uncle, working in
the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.
In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan within the city. After the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped working for his uncle and have become a full-time pracharak for the RSS, working under
Inamdar. Shortly before the war, Modi took part during a non-violent protest against the Indian government in New Delhi , for which
he was arrested; this has been cited as a reason for Inamdar electing to mentor him. a few years later Modi would co-author a
biography of Inamdar, published in 2001 In 1978 Modi received a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics from School of Open Learning at University of Delhi, Five
years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Arts degree in politics from Gujarat University, graduating with a primary class
as an external distance learning student.
Early political career
In June 1975, Prime Minister Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India which lasted until 1977. During this era ,
known as "The Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned. Modi was
appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee co-ordinating opposition to the
Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned. Modi was forced to travel underground in Gujarat and regularly
travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the govt , sending them to Delhi
and organising demonstrations. Modi was also involved creating a network of safe houses for people wanted by the
government, and in raising funds for political refugees and activists. During this era , Modi wrote a book in Gujarati,
Sangharsh Ma Gujarat, describing events during the Emergency. Among the people he met during this role was unionist and
socialist activist George Fernandes, also as several other national political figures
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