Sea and therefore the northern shore of the Red Sea . it's land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the
east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest.
The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economic and technological center
is Tel Aviv , while its seat of state and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem has
only partial recognition.
Middle Bronze Age, The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE, which in 63
BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE, and in 6
CE created the Roman province of Judea. Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread
destruction, and therefore the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina. Jewish presence within the region has persisted to a
certain extent over the centuries. within the 7th century CE, the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and
remained in Muslim control until the primary Crusade of 1099, followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187. The Mamluk Sultanate
of Egypt extended its control over the Levant within the 13th century until its defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 19th
century, national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionism within the diaspora followed by waves of
immigration to Ottoman Syria and later Mandatory Palestine.
In 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish
states and an internationalized Jerusalem. Israel has since fought several wars with Arab countries, and since the Six-Day War in
1967 held occupied territories including the West Bank , Golan Heights and therefore the Gaza Strip . It extended its laws to the Golan
Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank . Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories is that the world's longest
military occupation in times . Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict haven't resulted during a final peace
agreement. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan are signed.
In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state and therefore the nation state of the Jewish people. The country has
a liberal democracy, with a parliamentary system, representation , and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head
of government and therefore the Knesset is that the legislature. With a population of around 9 million as of 2019, Israel may be a developed country
and an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member, has the 31st or 32nd-largest economy within the world
by nominal gross domestic product, and is that the richest and therefore the most developed country currently in conflict . it's the very best
standard of living within the Middle East , percentage of citizens holding a tertiary education degree, research and development
spending by GDP percentage, women's safety, anticipation , innovativeness, and happiness.
Etymology
Upon independence in 1948, the country formally adopted the name "State of Israel" after other proposed historical and
religious names including Eretz Israel, Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected. within the early weeks of independence, the
government chose the term "Israeli" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign
Affairs Moshe Sharett.
The names Land of Israel and youngsters of Israel have historically been wont to ask the biblical Kingdom of Israel and therefore the
entire Jewish people respectively. The name "Israel" persists/rules', though after often interpreted as "struggle with God") in
these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, consistent with the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully
wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also referred to as the Twelve Tribes
of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to travel into Egypt for four
generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back to Canaan during the
"Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to say the word "Israel" as a collective is that the Merneptah Stele of
ancient Egypt .
The area is additionally referred to as the Palestine , being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam and therefore the
Bahá'í Faith. Under British Mandate, the entire region was referred to as Palestine . Through the centuries, the territory was known
by a spread of other names, including Canaan, Djahy, Samaria, Judea, Yehud, Iudaea, Syria Palaestina and Southern Syria.
History
Prehistory
The oldest evidence of early humans within the territory of recent Israel, dating to 1.5 million years ago, was found in Ubeidiya
near the ocean of Galilee. Other notable Paleolithic sites include the caves Tabun, Qesem and Manot. The oldest fossils of
anatomically modern humans found outside Africa are the Skhul and Qafzeh hominins, who lived within the area that's now
northern Israel 120,000 years ago. Around 10th millennium BCE, the Natufian culture existed within the area.
Antiquity
The early history of the territory is unclear. Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the narrative within the Torah
concerning the patriarchs, The Exodus, and therefore the conquest of Canaan described within the Book of Joshua, and instead views the
narrative as constituting the Israelites' national myth. During the Late Bronze Age, large parts of Canaan formed vassal states
paying tribute to the New Kingdom of Egypt, whose administrative headquarters lay in Gaza. Ancestors of the Israelites are
thought to possess included ancient Semitic-speaking peoples native to the present area. The Israelites and their culture, consistent with the
modern archaeological account, didn't overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of those Canaanite peoples and
their cultures through the event of a definite monolatristic—and later monotheistic—religion centered on Yahweh. The
archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and alittle population.
Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400, which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient; economic
interchange was prevalent. Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites
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